Thursday, November 11, 2010

Liu Xiaobo

Liu Xiaobo
Born28 December 1955 (age 54)
Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
NationalityChinese
Alma materJilin University
Beijing Normal University
OccupationWriter, political commentator,human rights activist
SpouseLiu Xia
AwardsNobel Peace Prize 2010
Liu Xiaobo (born 28 December 1955) is a Chinese literary critic, professor, and human rights activist who called for democratic reforms and the end of one-party rule inChina.[1] 
He is currently incarcerated as a political prisoner in China.
He has served as President of the Independent Chinese PEN Center since 2003. 
On 8 December 2008, Liu was detained in response to his participation with Charter 08. 
He was formally arrested on 23 June 2009, on suspicion of "inciting subversion of state power."[2][3] 
He was tried on the same charges on 23 December 2009,[4] and sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights on 25 December 2009.[5]
During his 4th prison term, he was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."[6][7][8]

Early life and education

Liu was born in Changchun, Jilin, in 1955 to an intellectual family. 
From 1969 to 1973, he was taken by his father to the Horqin Right Front Banner of Inner Mongolia during the Down to the Countryside Movement. 
At the age of 19, it was once again arranged for him to work in a village in Jilin province and later at a construction company.[9] 
He is married to Liu Xia, who lives in the couple's apartment in Beijing.
In 1976, he studied at Jilin University and obtained a B.A. degree in literature in 1982 and an M.A. degree in 1984 from Beijing Normal University.[9][10][11] 
After graduation, Liu joined the faculty at Beijing Normal University, where he also received a Ph.D. degree in 1988.
In the 1980s, his most important essays, Critique on Choices - Dialogue with Li Zehou and Aesthetics and Human Freedom earned him fame in the academic field. 
The first essay criticised the philosophy of a prominent Chinese thinker, Li Zehou.
Between 1988 and 1989, he was a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo and the University of Hawaii.
In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's Liberation Monthly (now known as Open Magazine), Liu was asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. 
He replied in this way: "(It would take) 300 years of colonialism. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would take 300 years of colonialism for it to be able to transform into how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."[12] 
Liu admitted in 2006 that the response was extemporaneous, although he did not intend to take it back. 
The quote was nonetheless used against him. 
He has commented, "Even today [in 2006], patriotic 'angry youth' still frequently use these words to paint me with 'treason."[12]
During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests he was in the United States but decided to go back to China to join the movement. 
He was later named as one of the "Four junzis of Tiananmen Square" for persuading students to leave the square saving hundreds of lives.[13]
Political protest in Hong Kong against the arrest of Liu Xiaobo during the Obama China visit.

Human rights activities

Liu Xiaobo is a human rights activist who is little-known inside China. 
His writing is considered subversive by the Communist Party, and his name is censored.[14] 
He has called for democratic elections, advocated values of freedom, supported separation of powers and urged the governments to be accountable for its wrongdoings.[15] 
From 1989 until now, he has been sentenced to prison and labor education camp four times for his peaceful political activities, beginning with his participation in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. 
When he was not in prison, he was also constantly the subject of government monitoring and being put under house arrest in sensitive time.[16]
In June 1989 right after the Tiananmen Square protest, Liu Xiaobo was detained in the maximum security Qincheng Prison, and convicted on charges of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement".[5] 
In October 1996, he was ordered to serve three years of re-education through labor on charges of "disturbing public order"[5][17] for criticizing the Communist Party of China.[18]
When he was released in 1999, it is reported[16] that the government built a sentry station next to his home and his phone calls and internet connections were tapped. 
In January 2005, following the death of former Chinese premier Zhao Ziyang, who showed sympathy to protesters of the student demonstration in 1989, Liu was immediately put under house arrest for two weeks before realizing the death of Zhao.[19]
In 2004 when he started to write a Human Right Report of China at home, his computer, letters and documents were confiscated by the government. 
He once said, "at Liu Xia (Liu's wife)'s birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wines to (my home) but was blocked by the police to come. I ordered a [birthday] cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarreled with them and the police said, "it is for the sake of your security. It has happened many bomb attacks in these days."[16] 
Those measures were loosened until 2007, when the Olympic Games were going to be held in China.[16]
Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. 
In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.[20]
In 2007, Liu was briefly detained and questioned about articles he wrote which were published online on websites hosted outside Mainland China.
Prison terms for Liu Xiaobo[21]
Prison termReasonResult
June 1989 – January 1991Charged with spreading messages to instigate counterrevolutionary behavior.Imprisoned in one of China's best-known maximum security prisons, Qincheng Prison, and discharged when he signed a "letter of repentance."
May 1995 – January 1996Being involved in democracy and human rights movement and voicing publicly the need to redress government's wrongdoings in the student protest of 1989Released after being jailed for six months.
October 1996 – October 1999Charged with disturbing the social orderJailed in a labor education camp for three years. In 1996, he married Liu Xia.
December 2009 – 2020Charged with spreading a message to subvert the country and authoritySentenced for 11 years and deprived of all political rights for two years. Currently imprisoned in JinzhouPrison in Liaoning Province.[22]

Charter 08, arrest and trial

Conception and diffusion of the Charter

Political protest in Hong Kong 
against the detention of Liu Xiaobo
Liu Xiaobo actively participated in the writing of Charter 08. 
Then, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, he signed Charter 08, a manifesto released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 December 2008), written in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and for free elections.[15] 
As of September 2010, the Charter has collected over 10,000 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life.[23][24]

Arrest

Late in the evening of 8 December 2008, two days before the official release of the Charter, Liu Xiaobo was taken away from his home by police.[25] 
Another scholar and Charter 08 signatory, Zhang Zuhua, was also taken away by police at that time. 
According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.[26] 
While Liu was detained, in solitary confinement,[27] he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009.[28] 
On 23 June 2009, the Beijing procuratorate approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under article 105 of China's Criminal Law.[29] 
In a Xinhua news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing Public Security Bureau alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."[3]
Trial
On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing;[4] on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" under and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.[4] 
He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. 
His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present.[4][30][31]
Diplomats from more than a dozen states – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were denied access to the court to watch the trial and stood outside the court for its duration.[32] 
Amongst these included Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy.[33]
I have no enemies, and no hatred. 
None of the police who have monitored, arrested and interrogated me, the prosecutors who prosecuted me, or the judges who sentence me, are my enemies. 
While I’m unable to accept your surveillance, arrest, prosecution or sentencing, I respect your professions and personalities, including Zhang Rongge and Pan Xueqing who act for the prosecution at present. 
I was aware of your respect and sincerity in your interrogation of me on December 3.
For hatred is corrosive of a person’s wisdom and conscience; the mentality of enmity can poison a nation’s spirit, instigate brutal life and death struggles, destroy a society’s tolerance and humanity, and block a nation’s progress to freedom and democracy. 
I hope therefore to be able to transcend my personal vicissitudes in understanding the development of the state and changes in society, to counter the hostility of the regime with the best of intentions, and defuse hate with love....
I do not feel guilty for following my constitutional right to freedom of expression, for fulfilling my social responsibility as a Chinese citizen. 
Even if accused of it, I would have no complaints.
– Liu Xiaobo, 23 December 2009[34]
On 25 December, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." 
According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to appeal the judgment.[5] 
In the verdict, Charter 08 was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction.[5] 
John Pomfret of The Washington Post said Christmas Day was chosen to dump the news because the Chinese government believed Westerners were less likely to take notice on a holiday.[35]
China's political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. 
This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. 
I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. 
The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. 
So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. 
This is not 'inciting subversion of state power'. 
Opposition is not equivalent to subversion.
– Liu Xiaobo, Guilty of 'crime of speaking', 9 February 2010[36]
In an article published in the South China Morning Post, Liu argued that his verdict violated China's constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. 
He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumours, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment.[36]

International response

.
Following Liu's detention, a number of individuals, states and organizations across the world called for his release. 
On 11 December 2008, the U.S. Department of State called for Liu's release;[37] on 22 December 2008, a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers and human rights advocates called for Liu's release in an open letter;[38] and on 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.[28] 
In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with the Homo Homini Award by the One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.[39]
In December 2009, the European Union and United States both issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo.[40][41]
China, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."[42]
Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern at the deterioration of political rights in China.[43] 
German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."[44] 
Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict.[45][46] 
In Taiwan, Republic of China President Ma Ying-jeou called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent".[47] 
On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.[48] 
On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.[49]
China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".[51] 
Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.[51] 
On 25 September 2010, The New York Times reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.[52]
On 14 September 2010, Jón Gnarr, the mayor of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, met on a unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member Liu Qi and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. 
Also that September Václav Havel, Dana Němcová and Václav Malý, leaders of Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution, published an open letter in The International Herald Tribune calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards.[52][53]
On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization Freedom Now, which serves as international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 U.S. Members of Congress to President Barack Obama (the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate), urging him to directly raise both Liu Xiaobo's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident Gao Zhisheng to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.[54] 
Taiwan's President Ma Ying-jiu congratulated Liu Xiaobo on winning the Nobel Prize and called on Mainland Chinese authorities to improve their human rights record, but stopped short of calling for his release from prison.[55]

Nobel Peace Prize

Upon hearing about Liu's nomination for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize, the Chinese foreign ministry warned the Nobel committee not to give Liu the prize, as they said that it would be against Nobel principles.[56] 
On 8 October 2010 the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China".[57] 
The Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjørn Jagland said the choice of Liu as the recipient of the prize had become clear early on in the process.[56]
All news about the announcement of the award was immediately censored in China at the time of the announcement though later that day became available. 
Foreign news broadcasters including CNN and the BBC were immediately blocked after mentioning the award in China.[58] 
Following government attempts to block Internet and SMS usages of Liu's name,[59] citizens devised various circumlocutions (e.g., literally translating 刘晓波 as English "Dawn Wave Liu") to avoid the censorship.[60] 
The Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a statement that said, "The Nobel Peace Prize is meant to award individuals who promote international harmony and friendship, peace and disarmament. Liu Xiaobo is a criminal who has been sentenced by Chinese judicial departments for violating Chinese law. Awarding the peace to Liu runs completely counter to the principle of the award and is also a desecration of the Peace Prize."[61] 
The state-run Xinhua News Agency later carried a report saying that awarding Liu Xiaobo the prize defiles Alfred Nobel's purpose of creating this prize and "may harm China-Norway relations". 
The spokeperson added that Liu had broken Chinese law and his "actions run contrary to the purpose of the Nobel Peace Prize."[62][63][64] 
The Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China was summoned by the Chinese Foreign Ministry on 8 October 2010 and was presented with an official complaint against the granting of the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu Xiaobo.[65]
A banquet to honor Liu Xiaobo for winning the Nobel Peace Prize by 20 plus Chinese netizens, human right lawyers, and academics was abruptly broken up by Beijing police.[66] 
Other meetings to commemorate the award were prevented by authorities; prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance.[67] 
In the Hong Kong SAR of the PR China, a woman was charged with assault for accidentally splashing sparkling wine on a security guard while celebrating Liu's Nobel Prize outside the Liaison Office of the Central Government.[68]
There were messages of congratulations from Western leaders, who called on China to reform its political, legal systems and its constitution and to release Liu.[69]
European Commission president José Manuel Barroso,[70] the British Foreign Secretary William Hague,[70] U.S. President Barack Obama,[71] and the Dalai Lama were among those who praised the decision, and called for Liu's release.[72]
There was also solidarity with the Chinese view by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez[73] and from Cuba.
Following the announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize, Liu's wife, Liu Xia, was placed under house arrest[74] but has not been charged with any offence.[75]

Major publications

  • Critique on Choice - Dialogue with Le Zehou[76]. Shanghai's People Publisher. 1987.
  • Aesthetics and Human Freedom[77]. Bejiing Normal University Publishing. 1988.
  • Myths on Metaphysics[78]. Shanghai's People publishing. 1989.
  • Naked to meet God[79]. Times Literature and Art Publisher. 1989.
  • Monologue:Survivors of Doomsday[80]. Taiwan Times Publishing. 1993.
  • Contemporary Politics and Intellectuals of China[81]. Taiwan Tangshan Publishing. 1990.
  • Selected Poems of Liu Xiabo and Liu Xia[82]. Hong Kong Xiafeier International Publishing Ltd. 2000.
  • Under pen name Lao Xia and co-authored with Wang Shuo (2000). A Belle Gave me Knockout Drug[83]. Changjiang Literature and Arts Publishing.
  • To the Nation that Lies to His Conscience[84]. Jieyou Publishing. 2002.
  • The Future of Free China in our life[85]. Labor Reform Foundation. 2005.
  • A Single Blade and Toxic Sword: Critique on Comtempory Chinese Nationalism[86]. Boda Publishing. 2006.
  • Sinking of Big Country: Memorandum to China[87]. Yunchen Culture. 10 2009.

Awards

  • Excellent Award (2004) for an article Corrupted News is not News, published on Open Magazine , January 2004 issue
  • Grand Prize (2005) for an article Paradise of the Powerful, Hell of the Vulnerable on Open Magazine, September 2004 issue
  • Excellent Award (2006) for The Causes and Ending of Shanwei Bloodshed on Open Magazine, January 2006

References

  1. ^ Biography of Liu Xiaobo. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010.
  2. ^ Benjamin Kang Lim, China's top dissident arrested for subversion, Reuters, 24 June 2009.
  3. ^ a b "刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d Canghai [沧海], "刘晓波案闪电移送法院 律师两次前往未能会见" [Liu Xiaobo's Case Quickly Escalated to the Court; Lawyers Twice Try to Meet with Liu to No Avail], Canyu [参与], 11 December 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court, Criminal Verdict no. (2009) yi zhong xing chu zi 3901, unofficial English translation in Human Rights in China, "International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict," 30 December 2009.
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  69. ^ 馬英九籲北京釋放劉曉波推行政治改革
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  76. ^ Original title:《选择的批判——与李泽厚对话》, published by 上海人民出版社
  77. ^ Original title: 《审美与人的自由》, published by 北京師范大學出版社
  78. ^ Original title:《形而上学的迷雾》, by 上海人民出版社
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  83. ^ Original title:《美人赠我蒙汗药》, by 长江文艺出版社
  84. ^ Original title: 《向良心说谎的民族》, published by 捷幼出版社
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  87. ^ Original title:《大國沉淪——寫給中國的備忘錄》, published by 允晨文化
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